Self aligned method of forming a semiconductor memory array of floating gate memory cells with buried bit-line and raised source line, and a memory array made thereby

ABSTRACT

A self aligned method of forming an array of floating gate memory cells, and an array formed thereby, wherein each memory cell includes a trench formed into a surface of a semiconductor substrate, and spaced apart source and drain regions with a channel region formed therebetween. The drain region is formed underneath the trench, and the channel region includes a first portion that extends vertically along a sidewall of the trench and a second portion that extends horizontally along the substrate surface. An electrically conductive floating gate is formed over and insulated from a portion of the channel region. A raised source line of conductive material is disposed over the source region, and laterally adjacent to and insulated from the floating gate. An electrically conductive control gate is formed having a first portion disposed in the trench and a second portion formed over but insulated from the floating gate.

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present invention relates to a self-aligned method of forminga semiconductor memory array of floating gate memory cells. The presentinvention also relates to a semiconductor memory array of floating gatememory cells of the foregoing type.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Non-volatile semiconductor memory cells using a floating gate tostore charges thereon and memory arrays of such non-volatile memorycells formed in a semiconductor substrate are well known in the art.Typically, such floating gate memory cells have been of the split gatetype, or stacked gate type.

[0003] One of the problems facing the manufacturability of semiconductorfloating gate memory cell arrays has been the alignment of the variouscomponents such as source, drain, control gate, and floating gate. Asthe design rule of integration of semiconductor processing decreases,reducing the smallest lithographic feature, the need for precisealignment becomes more critical. Alignment of various parts alsodetermines the yield of the manufacturing of the semiconductor products.

[0004] Self-alignment is well known in the art. Self-alignment refers tothe act of processing one or more steps involving one or more materialssuch that the features are automatically aligned with respect to oneanother in that step processing. Accordingly, the present invention usesthe technique of self-alignment to achieve the manufacturing of asemiconductor memory array of the floating gate memory cell type.

[0005] There is also a constant need to shrink the size of the memorycell arrays in order to maximize the number of memory cells on a singlewafer. It is well known that forming memory cells in pairs, with eachpair sharing a single source region, and with adjacent pairs of cellssharing a common drain region, reduces the size of the memory cellarray. However, a large area of the array is typically reserved for thebit-line connection to the drain regions. The bit-line area is oftenoccupied by the contact openings between memory cell pairs, and thecontact to wordline spacing, which strongly depends upon lithographygeneration, contact alignment and contact integrity. In addition,significant space is reserved for the word-line transistor, the size ofwhich is set by lithography generation and junction scaling.

[0006] There is a need for a non-volatile, floating gate type memorycell array with significant cell size reduction.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0007] The present invention solves the above mentioned problems byproviding a self aligned method of forming memory cells with reducedsize, by minimizing the space needed for the bit-line connection andword-line transistor, and a memory cell array formed thereby.

[0008] The electrically programmable and erasable memory device of thepresent invention includes a substrate of semiconductor material of afirst conductivity type, a trench formed into a surface of thesubstrate, first and second spaced-apart regions formed in the substrateand having a second conductivity type with a channel region formed inthe substrate therebetween, wherein the second region is formedunderneath the trench and the channel region includes a first portionthat extends substantially along a sidewall of the trench and a secondportion that extends substantially along the surface of the substrate, ablock of conductive material disposed over the first region, anelectrically conductive floating gate disposed over and insulated fromat least a portion of the channel region and disposed laterally adjacentto and insulated from the block of conductive material, and anelectrically conductive control gate having a first portion disposed inthe trench.

[0009] In another aspect of the present invention, an array ofelectrically programmable and erasable memory devices includes asubstrate of semiconductor material of a first conductivity type, spacedapart isolation regions formed on the substrate which are substantiallyparallel to one another and extend in a first direction, with an activeregion between each pair of adjacent isolation regions, a plurality oftrenches formed into a surface of the substrate which are substantiallyparallel to one another and extend across the isolation and activeregions in a second direction that is substantially perpendicular to thefirst direction, a plurality of electrically conductive control gates,and a plurality of memory cells in each of the active regions. Each ofthe memory cells includes first and second spaced-apart regions formedin the substrate having a second conductivity type, with a channelregion formed in the substrate therebetween, wherein the second regionis formed underneath one of the trenches, and wherein the channel regionhas a first portion extending substantially along a sidewall of the onetrench and a second portion extending substantially along the surface ofthe substrate, a block of conductive material disposed over the firstregion, and an electrically conductive floating gate disposed over andinsulated from at least a portion of the channel region and disposedlaterally adjacent to and insulated from the block of conductivematerial. The plurality of electrically conductive control gates eachextends along one of the active regions, wherein the control gates eachhave first portions disposed in the trenches.

[0010] In yet another aspect of the present invention, a method offorming a semiconductor memory cell comprises the steps of: forming afirst region in a semiconductor substrate, wherein the substrate has afirst conductivity type and the first region has a second conductivitytype, forming a trench into a surface of the semiconductor substrate,wherein the trench is spaced apart from the first region, forming asecond region in the substrate and underneath the trench, wherein thesecond region has the second conductivity type and a channel region inthe substrate is defined between the first and second regions, thechannel region includes a first portion that extends substantially alonga sidewall of the trench and a second portion that extends substantiallyalong the substrate surface, forming a block of conductive materialdisposed over the first region, forming a floating gate of electricallyconductive material disposed over and insulated from at least a portionof the channel region, and disposed laterally adjacent to and insulatedfrom the block of conductive material, and forming a control gate ofelectrically conductive material having a first portion disposed in thetrench.

[0011] In still yet another aspect of the present invention, a method offorming an array of semiconductor memory cells comprises the steps of:forming a plurality of first regions in a semiconductor substrate thatare substantially parallel to one another and extend in a firstdirection, wherein the substrate has a first conductivity type and thefirst regions have a second conductivity type, forming a plurality oftrenches into a surface of the semiconductor substrate, wherein thetrenches are spaced apart from and extend substantially parallel to thefirst regions, forming a plurality of second regions in the substratehaving the second conductivity type and are substantially parallel toone another, each of the second regions extends in the first directionand is formed underneath one of the trenches, wherein a plurality ofchannel regions in the substrate are defined each having a first portionextending substantially along a sidewall of one of the trenches and asecond portion that extends substantially along the substrate surfacebetween the one trench and one of the first regions, forming a pluralityof blocks of conductive material that are substantially parallel to oneanother and extend in the first direction, wherein each of theconductive blocks is disposed over one of the first regions, forming aplurality of floating gates of electrically conductive material eachdisposed over and insulated from at least a portion of one of thechannel regions, and disposed laterally adjacent to and insulated fromone of the blocks of conductive material, and forming a plurality ofcontrol gates of electrically conductive material each having a firstportion disposed in one of the trenches, and a second portion disposedover and insulated from one of the floating gates.

[0012] In one more aspect of the present invention, an electricallyprogrammable and erasable memory device includes a substrate ofsemiconductor material of a first conductivity type, first and secondspaced-apart regions formed in the substrate and having a secondconductivity type, with a non-linear channel region therebetween, ablock of conductive material disposed over the first region, and afloating gate disposed over and insulated from a surface of thesubstrate and disposed laterally adjacent to and insulated from theblock of conductive material. The channel region defines a path forprogramming the floating gate with electrons from the second region.

[0013] In another aspect of the present invention, an electricallyprogrammable and erasable memory device includes a substrate ofsemiconductor material of a first conductivity type, an electricallyconductive control gate having a first portion formed in the substrate,first and second spaced-apart regions formed in the substrate and havinga second conductivity type, with a non-linear channel regiontherebetween, wherein the second region is formed underneath and isinsulated from the control gate first portion, and the channel regionincludes a first portion that extends substantially along the controlgate first portion and a second portion that extends substantially alonga surface of the substrate, a block of conductive material disposed overthe first region, and an electrically conductive floating gate disposedover and insulated from at least a portion of the channel region anddisposed laterally adjacent to and insulated from the block ofconductive material.

[0014] In still another aspect of the present invention, an array ofelectrically programmable and erasable memory devices includes asubstrate of semiconductor material of a first conductivity type andhaving a surface, spaced apart isolation regions formed on the substratewhich are substantially parallel to one another and extend in a firstdirection, with an active region between each pair of adjacent isolationregions, each of the active regions including a plurality of memorycells, wherein each of the memory cells includes an electricallyconductive floating gate disposed over and insulated from the substratesurface, a plurality of first regions formed in the substrate and havinga second conductivity type, each of the first regions extends across theactive regions and isolation regions in a second direction perpendicularto the first direction, a plurality of second regions formed in thesubstrate and having the second conductivity type, each of the secondregions extends across the active regions and the isolation regions inthe second direction and is disposed between a pair of the firstregions, wherein the second regions are buried underneath the substratesurface, a plurality of blocks of conductive material that aresubstantially parallel to one another and extend across the activeregions and isolation regions in the second direction, wherein each ofthe blocks of conductive material is disposed over one of the firstregions and includes portions that are disposed laterally adjacent toand insulated from the floating gates, and a plurality of electricallyconductive control gates each extending along one of the active regionsin the first direction.

[0015] In one last aspect of the present invention, an array ofelectrically programmable and erasable memory devices includes asubstrate of semiconductor material of a first conductivity type, spacedapart isolation regions formed on the substrate which are substantiallyparallel to one another and extend in a first direction, with an activeregion between each pair of adjacent isolation regions, a plurality ofspaced apart first and second regions formed in the semiconductorsubstrate having a second conductivity type and extending across theactive and isolation regions in a second direction substantiallyperpendicular to the first direction, wherein the first and secondregions have a second conductivity type and define a plurality ofchannel regions formed in the substrate therebetween, a plurality ofblocks of conductive material that are substantially parallel to oneanother and extend in the second direction, wherein each of theconductive blocks is disposed over and electrically connected to one ofthe first regions, a plurality of floating gates of electricallyconductive material each disposed over and insulated from at least aportion of one of the channel regions, and disposed laterally adjacentto and insulated from one of the blocks of conductive material, and aplurality of control gates of electrically conductive material extendingin the first direction and having portions that are each disposed overand insulated from one of the floating gates.

[0016] Other objects and features of the present invention will becomeapparent by a review of the specification, claims and appended figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0017] FIGS. 1A-1K are cross sectional views of a semiconductorstructure showing in sequence the steps in the processing of thesemiconductor structure in the formation of a non volatile memory arrayof floating memory cells of the present invention.

[0018]FIG. 1L is a top view showing the active and inactive regions, andthe intersection thereof with the source and bit lines, formed by theprocess of the present invention.

[0019]FIG. 1M is a cross sectional view showing the next step(s) in theprocessing of the inactive regions formed by the process of the presentinvention.

[0020]FIG. 1N is a cross sectional view showing the next step(s) in theprocessing of the active regions formed by the process of the presentinvention.

[0021]FIG. 1O is a cross sectional view showing the next step(s) in theprocessing of the inactive regions formed by the process of the presentinvention.

[0022]FIG. 2A is a top view showing the active and inactive regions, theintersection thereof with the source and bit lines, and the bit strapimplant regions, formed by the process of the present invention.

[0023]FIG. 2B is a cross sectional view of one of the second trenches,including the bit strap implant areas of the present invention.

[0024]FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the memory cell array of thepresent invention, with control gate transistor portions formed in thetrench side-wall areas schematically shown as vertical gates.

[0025]FIG. 4 is a cross sectional view of the active regions showing thememory cell structure of the present invention.

[0026]FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing the operation of the memorycell array of the present invention.

[0027] FIGS. 6A-6K are cross sectional views of a semiconductorstructure showing in sequence the steps in a first alternate processingof the semiconductor structure of FIG. 1C in the formation of a nonvolatile memory array of floating memory cells of the present invention.

[0028] FIGS. 7A-7D are cross sectional views of a semiconductorstructure showing in sequence the steps in a second alternate processingof the semiconductor structure of FIG. 6F in the formation of a nonvolatile memory array of floating memory cells of the present invention.

[0029] FIGS. 8A-8N are cross sectional views of a semiconductorstructure showing in sequence the steps in a third alternate processingof the semiconductor substrate in the formation of a non volatile memoryarray of floating memory cells of the present invention.

[0030]FIG. 9 is a cross sectional view of the active regions of thethird alternate embodiment showing the memory cell structure of thepresent invention.

[0031]FIG. 10 is a cross sectional view of the active regions of thethird alternate embodiment that includes an oxide layer insulating thepoly blocks 88 from the source regions 34.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0032] The method of the present invention is illustrated in FIGS.1A-1O, and begins with a semiconductor substrate 10, which is preferablyof P type and is well known in the art. The thicknesses of the layersdescribed below will depend upon the design rules and the processtechnology generation. What is described herein is for the 0.13 micronprocess. However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art thatthe present invention is not limited to any specific process technologygeneration, nor to any specific value in any of the process parametersdescribed hereinafter. As shown in FIG. 1A, a thin layer of insulationmaterial 12, such as silicon dioxide (hereinafter “oxide”) having athickness approximately 80 A, is formed on substrate 10 by any wellknown technique such as oxidation or deposition (e.g. chemical vapordeposition or CVD). A layer of conductive material 14, such aspolysilicon (hereinafter “poly”), is deposited with an approximatethickness of 700 A on top of the layer of insulation material 12 by anywell known process such as Low Pressure CVD or LPCVD. Poly layer 14 maybe doped by ion implantation. Another layer of insulation material 18,such as silicon nitride (hereinafter “nitride”), is deposited with anapproximate thickness of 3000 A over the poly layer 14, preferably byCVD.

[0033] Once the oxide layer 12, the poly layer 14, and nitride layer 18have been formed, a conventional photo-lithography scheme is used toform semi-recessed first trenches 20 in the structure in the followingmanner. A suitable photo-resistant material 19 is applied on the nitridelayer 18 and a masking step is performed to selectively remove thephoto-resistant material 19 from selected parallel stripe regions (underwhich the first trenches 20 will be formed). Where the photo-resistmaterial 19 is removed, the exposed silicon nitride 18 is removed usinga standard nitride etch process (e.g. anisotropic nitride etch), leavingblocks of nitride 22 and first trenches 20 formed therebetween. Anoptional poly etch follows to recess the top portion of poly layer 14,and to create sloped regions 24 where the poly layer 14 meets thenitride blocks 22. The width W of first trenches 20 can be as small asthe smallest lithographic feature of the process used. Where the photoresist 19 is not removed, the underlying nitride layer 18, poly layer 14and oxide layer 12 are maintained. The resulting structure isillustrated in FIG. 1B.

[0034] The structure is further processed to remove the remaining photoresist 19. Then, a thermal oxidation process is used to oxidize the polylayer 14 to form a lens-shaped oxide layer 26 over the exposed portionsof poly layer 14, as shown in FIG. 1C. The lens shape is caused by thesloping portions 24 of the underlying poly layer 14, and the nitrideregion 22 blocking oxidation at the poly-nitride interface.

[0035] A thin layer of nitride 28 (˜400 A) is formed over the structure(e.g. using convention chemical vapor deposition (CVD)), which is usedto protect the lens-shaped oxide layer 26. Insulation spacers 32 arethen formed along the side wall surfaces of first trenches 20. Formationof spacers is well known in the art, and involves the deposition of amaterial over the contour of a structure, followed by an anisotropicetch process, whereby the material is removed from horizontal surfacesof the structure, while the material remains largely intact onvertically oriented surfaces of the structure. Spacers 32 can be formedof any dielectric material with good etch selectivity to nitride layer28. In the structure illustrated in FIG. 1C, insulation spacers 32 areformed of oxide by depositing a thick layer 30 of oxide (˜2500 A) overthe entire structure, as shown in FIG. 1D. An anisotropic etch process,such as the well known Reactive Ion Etch (RIE), is used to remove thedeposited oxide layer 30, except for spacers 32, as shown in FIG. 1E.This etch process uses the nitride layer 28 as an etch stop.

[0036] Narrower lower portions 21 of first trenches 20 are formed by aseries of anisotropic etch steps for layers of materials that are leftexposed between spacers 32, starting with a thin nitride etch step thatremoves the exposed portions of nitride layer 28. This nitride etch usesoxide layer 26 as an etch stop, and also removes the exposed portions ofnitride layer 28 on top of nitride blocks 22. An oxide etch is then usedto remove the exposed portions of oxide layer 26, with poly layer 14used as an etch stop. During this etch step, some of the exposed spaceroxide 32 may be removed. A poly etch step is then used to remove theexposed portions of poly layer 14 to expose oxide layer 12 at the bottomof each of the first trenches 20. Suitable ion implantation is then madeacross the entire surface of the structure. Where the ions havesufficient energy to penetrate exposed portions of oxide layer 12 ineach first trench 20, they then form first regions (source line regions)34 in the substrate 10. In all other regions, the ions are absorbed bythe underlying structure, where they have no effect. The implantedsource regions 34 are formed in parallel lines that are self aligned tothe lower portions 21 of first trenches 20. A mask (not shown) should beused along the edges of the array to block the implantation of regions34 and prevent adjacent source regions 34 from being shorted together.The resulting structure is shown in FIG. 1F.

[0037] A thick oxide layer 36 is deposited over the structure, followedby a planarization oxide etch process (e.g.Chemical-Mechanical-Polishing or CMP etch) that etches the thick oxidelayer 36 down to the tops of nitride blocks 22, which are used as theetch stop. Oxide layer 36 is further anisotropically etched (e.g. byRIE) below the tops of nitride blocks 22, resulting in the structureshown in FIG. 1G.

[0038] Parallel second trenches 38 extending down to oxide layer 12 areformed by first performing a nitride etch process to remove nitrideblocks 22 and the exposed portions of nitride layer 28, followed by apoly etch step that removes the exposed portions of poly layer 14. Theresulting structure is shown in FIG. 1H.

[0039] Exposed portions of oxide layer 12 at the bottom of secondtrenches 38 and oxide layer 26 are removed by an anisotropic oxide etchprocess, leaving portions of the substrate 10 exposed. A silicon etchprocess is used to remove exposed portions of poly layer 14, and toextend second trenches 38 down into the substrate 10 (preferably to adepth of approximately 0.2 μm). Suitable ion implantation is once againmade across the entire surface of the structure. The ion implantationforms second regions 40 (buried bit-line regions) in the substrate 10underneath second trenches 38. Outside of second trenches 38, the ionsare blocked by the dielectric oxide layer 36, where they have no effect.The resulting structure is shown in FIG. 1I.

[0040] An oxide etch (preferably a dry oxide etch using nitride layer 28as an etch stop) is used to remove oxide layer 36, except for theportions disposed in the lower portions 21 of first trenches 20. A thinnitride etch follows which removes nitride layer 28 (and uses oxidelayer 26 as an etch stop). A thin layer of oxide 42 is then formed overthe entire structure, including inside second trenches 38, using forexample an HTO oxide deposition process. The resulting structure isshown in FIG. 1J.

[0041] A thick poly layer 44 is deposited over the structure (e.g. ˜0.18μm), including filling second trenches 38. Poly layer 44 can be doped byion implant, or by an in-situ process. An optional layer (not shown) ofmetalized silicon (polycide) can be formed on top of poly layer 44 bydepositing a metal such as tungsten, cobalt, titanium, nickel, platinum,or molybdenum over the structure, and then annealing the structure topermit the hot metal to flow and to seep into the top portion of polylayer 44 to form the conductive layer of polycide. The resultingstructure is shown in FIG. 1K. As described later, oxide layer 42,together possibly with part of oxide layer 26, form an insulation layerhaving a thickness that permits Fowler-Nordheim tunneling therethrough.

[0042] Thus far, the structure shown in FIG. 1K was formed with onemasking step, with trenches 38 extending in a first direction. Parallelactive and inactive stripe regions, that extend across and areperpendicular to the first direction of the second trenches 38, areformed in the following manner. A photo-resistant material is applied tothe structure shown in FIG. 1K, and a masking step is performed toselectively remove the photo-resistant material from parallel striperegions 46, as shown in FIG. 1L. This masking step defines alternatingparallel active (word line) regions 48 (in which active memory cells areformed) and inactive regions 46 (in which no active memory cells will beformed). A series of etch processes are then performed, which do notaffect the active regions 48 (which are protected by the photo-resistantmaterial). First, a (dry) poly etch is performed to remove the exposedpoly layer 44 outside of second trenches 38 in the inactive regions 46,using oxide layer 42 as an etch stop. An oxide etch is then performed toremove the oxide layers 42 and 26 disposed over poly layer 14, using thepoly layer 14 as an etch stop. A poly etch follows, which removes thepoly layer 14 and the remaining poly layer 44 inside of second trenches38. The photo-resistant material in the active regions 48 is thenremoved. The active regions 48 remain unchanged from the structure shownin FIG. 1K, while the resulting structure in the inactive regions 46 isillustrated in FIG. 1M.

[0043] A thin layer of oxide 50 is formed over the structure (e.g.thermally grown, HTO, or CVD deposit), followed by the deposition of athick layer of oxide 52 over the structure which fills second trenches38 in the inactive regions 46. A planarizing oxide etch (e.g. CMP) isthen used to level out oxide layer 52. An oxide etch follows to fullyexpose the poly layer 44 in the active regions 48. The resultingstructure in the active regions 48 is shown in FIG. 1N (which isunchanged from FIG. 1K), and the structure in the inactive regions 46 isshown in FIG. 1O.

[0044]FIG. 2A illustrates a top view of the resulting memory cell array,which includes rows of alternating active regions 48 and inactiveregions 46, and columns of alternating source line regions 34 and second(bit-line) trenches 38 formed in the substrate 10. Bit line regions 40are formed under the second (bit-line) trenches 38.

[0045] As shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B, at one edge of the array, bit-linestrap implant areas 54 are formed in which the second (buried bit-line)region 40 rises up to the surface of the silicon substrate 10. There areseveral ways to form the rising portions of second region 40. A mask isused to cover the structure except for the gap between the buried andsurface portions of second region 40. An implant step is performedwherein the implant energy is selected so that the implanted area joinsthe buried and surface portions of second region 40. Alternately, alarge angle implant can be used to form second regions 40 at the bottomof trenches 38, which will also create the rising portions of secondregion 40 up to the substrate surface.

[0046] Contacts 56 (preferably metal) are formed over the substrate 10to make electrical contact with the raised portions of second (buriedbit-line) regions 40. Contacts 56 are preferably formed by depositingpassivation, such as BPSG 58, over the entire structure. A masking stepis performed to define etching areas over the raised portions of thesecond (buried bit-line) regions 40. The BPSG 58 is selectively etchedin the masked regions to create contact openings, which are then filledwith a conductor metal 56 by metal deposition and planarizationetch-back. Bit line connectors 60 are added by metal masking over theBPSG 58, to connect to contacts 56. Metal contacts 62 are also formed inthe same manner in one or more of the inactive regions 46 to connectwith the source line regions 34, which includes an oxide etch to removeportions of oxide layers 12, 36, 50 and 52 disposed over the sourceregions 34. It should be noted that strap implant areas can be formed atthe ends of the memory arrays, and/or at one or more intermediatelocations throughout the memory cell array.

[0047]FIG. 3 is a schematic circuit diagram of the memory cell arrayformed by the above described process. There are a plurality of memorycells 64 arranged in rows and columns. The rows of word lines (WL1, WL2,WL3, . . . WLn+1) correspond to the stripes of (WL) poly layer 44 thatextend along the row length of the active regions 48. The alternatingcolumns of bit-lines (BL1, BL2, . . . ) and source lines (SL1, SL2, . .. ) correspond to the buried bit line regions 40 and the source lineregions 34, respectively, formed in the substrate that traverse the rowsof active regions 48.

[0048]FIG. 4 illustrates the final structure of the memory cells 64formed in the active regions 48. First and second regions 34/40 form thesource and drain for each cell (although those skilled in the art knowthat source and drain can be switched during operation). Poly layer 14constitutes the floating gate, and the portions of poly layer 44disposed in second trenches 38 and over floating gate 14 constitutes thecontrol gate for each of the memory cells. The channel region 66 foreach cell is the surface portion of the substrate that is in-between thesource and drain 34/40. The channel region 66 for each memory cell hastwo portions joined together at a right angle, with a vertical portion68 extending along the vertical wall of second trench 38 and ahorizontal portion 70 extending between the second trench 38 and thesource region 34. The floating gate 14 is disposed over, but insulatedfrom, the horizontal portion 70 of the channel region 66, and a portionof the source region 34. The floating gates 14 each have a sharp edge 72that faces toward a notch 74 formed in the control gates 44 over theedges of second trenches 38. As illustrated in the FIG. 4, the processof the present invention forms pairs of memory cells that mirror eachother, with a memory cell formed on each side of the second trenches 38that share a common bit-line region 40. Similarly, each source lineregion 34 is shared between adjacent memory cells from different mirrorsets of memory cells. The entire row of memory cells shares a singlepoly layer 44 that acts as the control gate for all the memory cells inthat row.

[0049] Memory Cell Operation

[0050] The operation of the memory cells will now be described belowwith reference to FIGS. 4 and 5. The operation and theory of operationof such memory cells are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,572,054,whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference with regard to theoperation and theory of operation of a non-volatile memory cell having afloating gate and a control gate, floating gate to control gatetunneling, and an array of memory cells formed thereby.

[0051] To initially erase a selected memory cell 64 in any given activeregion 48, a ground potential is applied to both its source 34 and drain40. A high-positive voltage, on the order of +12 volts, is applied tothe control gate 44. Electrons on the floating gate 14 are inducedthrough the Fowler-Nordheim tunneling mechanism to tunnel through theoxide layer 42 to the control gate 44, leaving the floating gate 14positively charged. Tunneling is enhanced by the sharp edge 72 formed oneach floating gate 14. It should be noted that since the control gate 44runs along the length of the active region 48, the entire row of memorycells 64 in the selected active region 48 are ‘erased’.

[0052] When a selected memory cell 64 is desired to be programmed, asmall voltage (e.g. 0.5 to 1.0 V) is applied to its drain region 40. Apositive voltage level in the vicinity of the threshold voltage of theMOS structure defined by the control gate 44 (on the order ofapproximately +1.8 volts) is applied to its control gate 44. A positivehigh voltage, on the order of 9 or 10 volts, is applied to its sourceregion 34. Electrons generated by the drain region 40 will flow from thedrain region 40 towards the source region 34 through the weakly-invertedvertical portion 68 of the channel region 66. As the electrons reach thehorizontal portion 70 of the channel region 66, they will see the highpotential of the near end of floating gate 14 (because the floating gate14 is more strongly capacitively coupled to the positively chargedsource region 34 than to the control gate 44). The electrons willaccelerate and become heated, with most of them being injected into andthrough the insulating layer 12 and onto the floating gate 14. Groundpotential and Vdd (approximately 1.5 to 3.3 volts depending upon thepower supply voltage of the device) are applied to the source lines 34and bit-lines 40, respectively, for memory cell columns not containingthe selected memory cell 64, as well as to the control gates 44 formemory cell rows not containing the selected memory cell 64. Thus, onlythe memory cell 64 in the selected row and column is programmed.

[0053] The injection of electrons onto the floating gate 14 willcontinue until the reduction of the charge on the near end of thefloating gate 14 can no longer sustain a high surface potential alongthe horizontal channel region portion 70 to generate hot electrons. Atthat point, the electrons or the negative charges in the floating gate14 will decrease the electron flow from the drain region 40 onto thefloating gate 14.

[0054] Finally, to read a selected memory cell 64, ground potential isapplied to its source region 34. A read voltage of approximately +1 voltis applied to its drain region 40 and approximately 1.5 to 3.3 volts(depending upon the power supply voltage of the device) is applied toits control gate 44. If the floating gate 14 is positively charged (i.e.the floating gate is discharged of electrons), then the horizontalportion 70 of the channel region 66 (directly underneath the floatinggate 14) is turned on. When the control gate 44 is raised to the readpotential, the vertical portion 68 of the channel region 66 (directlyadjacent the control gate 44) is also turned on. Thus, the entirechannel region 66 will be turned on, causing electrical current to flowfrom the source regions 34 to the drain region 40. This would be the “1”state.

[0055] On the other hand, if the floating gate 14 is negatively charged,the horizontal portion 70 of the channel region 66 (directly below thefloating gate 14) is either weakly turned on or is entirely shut off.Even when the control gate 44 and the drain region 40 are raised to theread potential, little or no current will flow through horizontalportion 70 of channel region 66. In this case, either the current isvery small compared to that of the “1” state or there is no current atall. In this manner, the memory cell 64 is sensed to be programmed atthe “0” state. Ground potential is applied to the source lines 34,bit-lines 40, and control gates 44 for non-selected columns and rows soonly the selected memory cell 64 is read.

[0056] The memory cell array includes peripheral circuitry includingconventional row address decoding circuitry, column address decodingcircuitry, sense amplifier circuitry, output buffer circuitry and inputbuffer circuitry, which are well known in the art.

[0057] The present invention provides a memory cell array with reducedsize and superior program efficiency. Memory cell size is reduced by asmuch as almost 50% because the bit line region 40 is buried inside thesubstrate 10, and the bit line regions 40 are self aligned to the secondtrenches, where space is not wasted due to limitations in thelithography generation, contact alignment and contact integrity. Cellareas of approximately 0.21 μm and 0.14 μm can be achieved by thepresent invention using 0.18 μm and 0.13 μm technology generations,respectively. Program efficiency is greatly enhanced by “aiming” thevertical portion 68 of the channel region 66 at the floating gate 14. Inconventional programming schemes, the electrons in the channel regionflow in a path parallel to the floating gate, where a relatively smallnumber of the electrons become heated and are injected onto the floatinggate. The estimated program efficiency (number of electrons injectedcompared to total number of electrons) is estimated at about 1/1000.However, because the first portion of the channel region defines anelectron path that is ‘aimed’ directly at the floating gate, the programefficiency of the present invention is estimated to be closer to 1/1,where almost all the electrons are injected onto the floating gate.

[0058] Also with the present invention, the control gate region formedin the side-wall of the trenches 38 can be separately optimized forconduction performance as well as punch-through immunity withoutaffecting cell size. Additionally, the punch-through suppression betweensource region 34 and the buried bit-line region 40 can be optimized byembedding the source region having a first conductivity type (e.g. Ntype) in a well having a second conductivity type (e.g. P type)different from the first conductivity type, along with using othersub-surface implant(s) that do not affect the conduction characteristicsof the memory cell. Furthermore, having source region 34 and bit-lineregion 40 separated vertically as well as horizontally allows easieroptimization of reliability parameters without affecting cell size.

[0059] First Alternate Embodiment

[0060]FIGS. 6A to 6K illustrate an alternate process for forming thememory cell structure similar to that illustrated in FIG. 4. Thisalternate process begins with the same structure as shown in FIG. 1C,except that the formation of the thin layer of nitride 28 is omitted.Instead, the deposition of the thick layer 30 of oxide is performeddirectly over nitride blocks 22 and oxide layer 26 (˜2500 A), as shownin FIG. 6A. An anisotropic etch process (e.g. RIE) is used to remove thedeposited oxide layer 30, except for spacers 32, as shown in FIG. 6B.This etch process uses the poly layer 14 as an etch stop, and thereforea portion of the oxide layer 26 at the center bottom of first trenches20 is also removed.

[0061] Narrower lower portions 21 of first trenches 20 are formed by apoly etch step that is used to remove the exposed portions of poly layer14 between spacers 32 to expose oxide layer 12 at the bottom of each ofthe first trenches 20. Suitable ion implantation is then made across theentire surface of the structure. Where the ions have sufficient energyto penetrate exposed portions of oxide layer 12 in each first trench 20,they then form first regions (source line regions) 34 in the substrate10. In all other regions, the ions are absorbed by the underlyingstructure, where they have no effect. The implanted source regions 34are formed in parallel lines that are self aligned to the lower portions21 of first trenches 20. A mask (not shown) should be used along theedges of the array to block the implantation of regions 34 and preventadjacent source regions 34 from being shorted together. The resultingstructure is shown in FIG. 6C.

[0062] A thick oxide layer 36 is deposited over the structure, followedby a planarization oxide etch process (e.g.Chemical-Mechanical-Polishing or CMP etch) that etches the thick oxidelayer 36 down to the tops of nitride blocks 22, which are used as theetch stop. Oxide layer 36 is further etched below the tops of nitrideblocks 22, resulting in the structure shown in FIG. 6D.

[0063] A nitride etch process is used to remove nitride blocks 22 andform second trenches 38 that extend down to poly layer 14. Nitridespacers 76 are then formed on sidewalls of the second trenches 38 bydepositing a layer of nitride (˜200-400 A) over the structure, followedby a nitride etch that removes the deposited nitride except for nitridespacers 76, as shown in FIG. 6E. A poly etch step is then used to removeportions of poly layer 14 exposed between spacers 76, which extendssecond trenches 38 down to oxide layer 12. The resulting structure isshown in FIG. 6F.

[0064] Exposed portions of oxide layer 12 at the bottom of secondtrenches 38 are removed by an oxide etch process, leaving portions ofthe substrate 10 between spacers 76 exposed. A silicon etch process isused to extend second trenches 38 down into the substrate 10, preferablyto a depth of 0.2 μm. Suitable ion implantation is made across theentire surface of the structure. The ion implantation forms secondregions 40 (buried bit-line regions) in the substrate 10 underneathsecond trenches 38. Outside of second trenches 38, the ions are blockedby the dielectric oxide layer 36, where they have no effect. Theresulting structure is shown in FIG. 6G.

[0065] A nitride etch is used to remove nitride spacers 76, which leavesthe ends of oxide layer 26 exposed. A controlled oxide etch is then usedto remove the exposed ends of oxide layer 26, leaving the sharp edges 72of the floating gates 14 exposed, as shown in FIG. 6H. A thin layer ofoxide 42 is then formed over the entire structure, including insidesecond trenches 38 and over floating gate sharp edges 72, using forexample an HTO oxide deposition process. A thick poly layer 44 (˜0.18μm) is then deposited over the oxide layer 42, including filling secondtrenches 38. Poly layer 44 can be doped by ion implant, or by an in-situprocess. An optional layer (not shown) of metalized silicon (polycide)can be formed on top of poly layer 44 by depositing a metal such astungsten, cobalt, titanium, nickel, platinum, or molybdenum over thestructure, and then annealing the structure to permit the hot metal toflow and to seep into the top portion of poly layer 44 to form theconductive layer of polycide. The resulting structure is shown in FIG.6I.

[0066] A photo-resistant material is applied to the structure, and amasking step is performed to selectively remove the photo-resistantmaterial from parallel stripe regions 46 (see FIG. 1L). This maskingstep defines alternating parallel active (word line) regions 48 (inwhich active memory cells are formed) and inactive regions 46 (in whichno active memory cells will be formed). A series of etch processes arethen performed, which do not affect the active regions 48 (which areprotected by the photo-resistant material). First, a (dry) poly etch isperformed to remove the exposed poly layer 44 outside of second trenches38 in the inactive regions 46, using oxide layer 42 as an etch stop. Anoxide etch is then performed to remove exposed portions of the oxidelayers 42, 36 and 26, using the poly layer 14 as an etch stop. A polyetch follows, which removes the poly layer 14 and the remaining polylayer 44 inside of second trenches 38. The photo-resistant material inthe active regions 48 is then removed. The active regions 48 remainunchanged from the structure shown in FIG. 6I, while the resultingstructure in the inactive regions 46 is the same as that illustrated inFIG. 1M.

[0067] A thin layer of oxide 50 is formed over the structure (e.g.thermally grown, HTO, or CVD deposit), followed by the deposition of athick layer of oxide 52 over the structure which fills second trenches38 in the inactive regions 46. A planarizing oxide etch (e.g. CMP) isthen used to level out oxide layer 52. An oxide etch follows to fullyexpose the poly layer 44 in the active regions 48. The resultingstructure in the active regions 48 is shown in FIG. 6J (which isunchanged from FIG. 6I), and the structure in the inactive regions 46 isshown in FIG. 6K.

[0068] This first alternate embodiment has the advantage of providing anadditional thick oxide layer 36 between the floating gate 14 and thehorizontal portion of the control gate 44, which suppresses the couplingcapacitance therebetween. This reduced coupling capacitance enhancesboth the erase operation and the program operation. This embodiment alsoforms an optional overhang portion 78 on the control gates that betteroverhangs the sharp edges 72 of the floating gate 14 for bettertunneling during the erase operation.

[0069] Second Alternate Embodiment

[0070]FIGS. 7A to 7D illustrate a second alternate process for formingthe memory cell structure similar to that illustrated in FIG. 4. Thisalternate process begins with the same structure as shown in FIG. 6F,except that second nitride spacers 80 are formed inside second trenches38, by depositing a thick layer of nitride (˜400-600 A) followed by adry nitride etch. The resulting structure is shown in FIG. 7A.

[0071] Exposed portions of oxide layer 12 at the bottom of secondtrenches 38 are removed by an oxide etch process, leaving portions ofthe substrate 10 between spacers 80 exposed. A silicon etch process isused to extend second trenches 38 down into the substrate 10, preferablyto a depth of 0.2 μm. Suitable ion implantation is made across theentire surface of the structure. The ion implantation forms secondregions 40 (buried bit-line regions) in the substrate 10 underneathsecond trenches 38. Outside of second trenches 38, the ions are blockedby the dielectric oxide layer 36, where they have no effect. Theresulting structure is shown in FIG. 7B.

[0072] A nitride etch is used to remove nitride spacers 76 and 80, whichleaves the ends of oxide layer 26 exposed. A controlled oxide etch isthen used to remove the exposed ends of oxide layer 26, leaving thesharp edges 72 of the floating gates 14 exposed, as shown in FIG. 7C.This oxide etch also removes the exposed portions of oxide layer 12 thatwere underneath nitride spacers 80.

[0073] A thin layer of oxide 42 is then formed over the entirestructure, including inside second trenches 38 and over floating gatesharp edges 72, using for example an HTO oxide deposition process. Athick poly layer 44 (˜0.18 μm) is then deposited over the oxide layer42, including filling second trenches 38. Poly layer 44 can be doped byion implant, or by an in-situ process. An optional layer (not shown) ofmetalized silicon (polycide) can be formed on top of poly layer 44 bydepositing a metal such as tungsten, cobalt, titanium, nickel, platinum,or molybdenum over the structure, and then annealing the structure topermit the hot metal to flow and to seep into the top portion of polylayer 44 to form the conductive layer of polycide. The resultingstructure is shown in FIG. 7D. The processing of the structure is thencompleted using the remaining steps as described with the respect toFIGS. 6J and 6K.

[0074] This second alternate embodiment has the further advantage ofproviding an offset Δ between the edges of the second trenches 38 in thesubstrate and the edges of the floating gate 14. This offset Δ causespart of the control gate 44 to overlap a first part of the horizontalportion 70 of the channel region 66, while the floating gate overlapsthe remaining (second) part of the channel regions second part. Thus,with this embodiment, the vertical portion 68 is not ‘aimed’ at thefloating gate. Rather, this embodiment bridges a buried bit line region40 with conventional hot electron programming, where the electrons inthe channel region flow parallel to the floating gate for hot electroninjection. Further, this embodiment is more immune to programdisturbance during cell operation, because the electrons are not ‘aimed’at the floating gate during a low voltage read operation, or when thememory cell is not selected during a program operation, and aretherefore less likely to inadvertently be injected onto the floatinggate.

[0075] Third Alternate Embodiment

[0076]FIGS. 8A to 8N illustrate a third alternate process for formingthe memory cell structure of the present invention. This process startsby forming a layer of insulation material 84 (such as nitride) on thesubstrate 10. A plurality of parallel trenches 86 are formed in thenitride layer 84 by applying a photo-resistant material and performing amasking step to remove the photo-resistant material from selectedparallel stripe regions. An anisotropic nitride etch is used to removethe exposed portions of nitride layer 84 in the stripe regions, leavingtrenches 86 that extend down to the substrate 10, as shown in FIG. 8A.Suitable ion implantation is then made across the surface of thestructure to form the first regions (source regions) 34 in thesubstrate, formed in parallel lines that are self aligned to thetrenches 86. The resulting structure is shown in FIG. 8A, with trenches86 defined between blocks of the nitride 84.

[0077] A layer of polysilicon 88 is then deposited over the structure,which fills trenches 86, as shown in FIG. 8B. A planarization poly etchprocess (e.g. CMP) is used to etch the poly layer 88 down even with thetops of nitride blocks 84, which are used as the etch stop. Theresulting structure is shown in FIG. 8C, where blocks 88 of polysiliconare separated by blocks 84 of nitride.

[0078] The structure is then subjected to an oxidation process, whichforms a layer of oxide 90 on the exposed top surfaces of poly blocks 88,as illustrated in FIG. 8D. A nitride etch process is then used to removenitride blocks 84, leaving second trenches 92 defined between polyblocks 88 and extending down to the substrate 10. A linear oxidationprocess follows (e.g. HTO oxide deposition), which forms a thin layer ofoxide 94 over the structure, including inside second trenches 92. Theresulting structure is shown in FIG. 8E.

[0079] A thick layer of material (e.g. nitride) 96 is deposited over thestructure (see FIG. 8F), followed by an anisotropic nitride etch processthat removes the nitride 96 except for nitride spacers 98 disposedagainst the sidewalls of the second trenches 92 (see FIG. 8G). An oxideetch is then performed to remove the exposed portions of oxide layer 94at the bottom of second trenches 92, leaving portions of the substrate10 exposed. The resulting structure is shown in FIG. 8H. It should benoted that oxide could instead be used as insulation material 96, inwhich case the oxide etch process after spacer formation would not benecessary.

[0080] A silicon etch process is used to remove portions of substrate 10left exposed at the bottom of second trenches 92 and in-between nitridespacers 98. This etch process extends second trenches 92 down into thesubstrate 10 (preferably down to a depth of approximately one featuresize deep, i.e. in 0.15 um technology, trenches 92 are about 0.15 umdeep), where lower portions 92 a of second trenches 92 in substrate 10have a width corresponding to the separation of nitride spacers 98 inupper portions 92 b of second trenches 92 above substrate 10. Suitableion implantation is once again made across the entire surface of thestructure. The ion implantation forms the second regions 40 (buriedbit-line regions) in the substrate 10 underneath second trenches 92. Theresulting structure is shown in FIG. 8I.

[0081] A nitride etch is used to remove nitride spacers 98. An optionaloxide etch and oxidation process can be used to remove oxide layer 94,and re-form it on exposed portions of poly blocks 88 and substrate 10with a different but desired thickness. A thick poly layer 100 isdeposited over the structure which fills second trenches 92, as shown inFIG. 8J. Poly layer 100 can be doped by ion implant, or by in-situprocess. A poly etch follows, which removes poly layer 100 except forpoly spacers 102 in the second trench upper portions 92 b, as shown inFIG. 8K. There may be some residual polysilicon 104 left at the bottomof second trenches 92, which serve no constructive purpose for theformation or operation of the memory cells.

[0082] An oxidation process is used to form an oxide layer 106 on theexposed surfaces of the poly spacers 102. As described later, oxidelayer 106 has a thickness that permits Fowler-Nordheim tunnelingtherethrough. This oxidation process also encapsulates any of theresidual polysilicon 104 within oxide. Depending upon the coupling ratiowith poly spacers 102 (which form the floating gates of the memorycells), an optional oxide etch step could precede the formation of oxidelayer 106 to remove the oxide layers 94 and 90 over poly blocks 88 andin trenches 92, wherein the oxidation process used to form oxide layer106 would also form an oxide layer over poly blocks 88 and in trenches92. A thick poly layer 108 is then deposited over the structure, whichfills second trenches 92 and extends over (and is insulated from) polyspacers 102 and poly blocks 88. The resulting structure is shown in FIG.8L.

[0083] Thus far, the structure shown in FIG. 8L was formed with onemasking step, with second trenches 92 extending in a first direction.Parallel active and inactive stripe regions, that extend across and areperpendicular to the first direction of the second trenches 92, areformed in the same manner as described above with respect to FIG. 1K(namely masking step to define alternating parallel active (word line)regions 48 and inactive regions 46, poly and oxide etches to remove polylayer 108, oxide layers 90/94, and poly spacers 102 from the inactiveregions 46). After the photo-resistant material in the active regions 48is removed, a thick oxide deposition step covers both the active andinactive regions with a thick oxide layer 110. An oxide CMPplanarization process is used to planarize the top surface of the oxidelayer 110. The final active region structure is illustrated in FIG. 8M,and the final inactive regions structure is illustrated in FIG. 8N.

[0084]FIG. 9 illustrates the final structure of the memory cells formedby this third alternate embodiment in the active regions 48. First andsecond regions 34/40 form the source and drain for each cell (althoughthose skilled in the art know that source and drain can be switchedduring operation). Poly spacers 102 constitutes the floating gates, andthe portions of poly layer 108 disposed in second trenches 92 and overfloating gates 102 constitute the control gates for each of the memorycells. The channel region 66 for each memory cell is the surface portionof the substrate that is in-between the source and drain 34/40. Thechannel region 66 for each memory cell has two portions joined togetherat a right angle, with the vertical portion 68 extending along thevertical wall of second trench 92 and a horizontal portion 70 extendingbetween the second trench 92 and the source region 34. The floating gate102 is disposed directly over, but insulated from, the horizontalportion 70 of the channel region 66. As illustrated in the FIG. 9, theprocess of the present invention forms pairs of memory cells that mirroreach other, with a memory cell formed on each side of the secondtrenches 92 that share a common bit-line region 40. Similarly, eachsource line region 34 is shared between adjacent memory cells fromdifferent mirror sets of memory cells. The entire row of memory cellsshares a single poly layer 108 that acts as the control gate for all thememory cells in that row.

[0085] The memory cell structure shown in FIG. 9 includes “a raisedsource line” 88, meaning that the conductive poly block 88 runs along(and is electrically connected to) the source line 34, but is disposedabove the substrate surface. The raised source lines 88 have sidewallsthat are disposed laterally adjacent to sidewalls of floating gates 102,but are insulated therefrom by oxide layer 94. This configurationprovides capacitive coupling between the raised source lines 88 andfloating gates 102 (without the need to overlap the floating gates withthe source regions 34, thus reducing the size of the memory cells). Thefloating gates 102 each have sharp edges 112 that face toward thecontrol gate poly 108 for enhancing the electric field therebetween.With this third alternate embodiment, the poly blocks 88 are selfaligned to the source regions 34, and the floating gates 102 are selfaligned between the poly blocks 88 and the control gate poly 108 (andthus are self aligned to the first and second portions 68/70 of thechannel region 66).

[0086] It should be noted that capacitive coupling between the raisedsource line 88 and the adjacent floating gates 102 can be enhanced byforming a layer of insulation material between the raised source lines88 and the source regions 34. For example, an oxidation step can beperformed to form an oxide layer 114 on the substrate surface before thepoly layer 88 is deposited (in FIG. 8B), which results in the finalstructure illustrated in FIG. 10. With poly block 88 insulated fromsource region 34 by oxide layer 114, a voltage can be applied to polyblock 88 independent of source region 34. Thus, poly block 88 can beraised to a higher voltage than that of the source region 34 to bettercapacitively couple a higher voltage to the adjacent floating gates 102during the programming operation, and a negative voltage can be appliedto the poly block 88 to enable a more efficient erase operation.

[0087] It is to be understood that the present invention is not limitedto the embodiments described above and illustrated herein, butencompasses any and all variations falling within the scope of theappended claims. For example, second trenches can end up having anyshape that extends into the substrate, not just the elongatedrectangular shape shown in the figures. Also, although the foregoingmethod describes the use of appropriately doped polysilicon as theconductive material used to form the memory cells, it should be clear tothose having ordinary skill in the art that any appropriate conductivematerial can be used. In addition, any appropriate insulator can be usedin place of silicon dioxide or silicon nitride. Moreover, anyappropriate material whose etch property differs from silicon dioxide(or any insulator) and from polysilicon (or any conductor) can be usedin place of silicon nitride. Further, as is apparent from the claims,not all method steps need be performed in the exact order illustrated orclaimed, but rather in any order that allows the proper formation of thememory cell of the present invention. Additionally, the above describedinvention is shown to be formed in a substrate which is shown to beuniformly doped, but it is well known and contemplated by the presentinvention that memory cell elements can be formed in well regions of thesubstrate too, which are regions that are doped to have a differentconductivity type compared to other portions of the substrate. Lastly,single layers of insulating or conductive material could be formed asmultiple layers of such materials, and vice versa.

What is claimed is:
 1. An electrically programmable and erasable memorydevice comprising: a substrate of semiconductor material of a firstconductivity type; a trench formed into a surface of the substrate;first and second spaced-apart regions formed in the substrate and havinga second conductivity type, with a channel region formed in thesubstrate therebetween, wherein the second region is formed underneaththe trench, and the channel region includes a first portion that extendssubstantially along a sidewall of the trench and a second portion thatextends substantially along the surface of the substrate; a block ofconductive material disposed over the first region; an electricallyconductive floating gate disposed over and insulated from at least aportion of the channel region, and disposed laterally adjacent to andinsulated from the block of conductive material; and an electricallyconductive control gate having a first portion disposed in the trench.2. The device of claim 1, wherein the control gate has a second portiondisposed over and insulated from the floating gate.
 3. The device ofclaim 1, wherein the floating gate is a spacer.
 4. The device of claim3, wherein the floating gate includes at least one sharp edge thatextends toward the control gate.
 5. The device of claim 1, wherein thefloating gate is disposed substantially over the entire second portionof the channel region.
 6. The device of claim 1, wherein the floatinggate is insulated from the control gate by an insulation layer having athickness permitting Fowler-Nordheim tunneling of charges therethrough.7. The device of claim 2, further comprising: a layer of insulatingmaterial formed along sidewalls of the trench and extending between thecontrol gate and the floating gate.
 8. The device of claim 7, whereinthe layer of insulating material includes: a first portion formed alongsidewalls of the trench and between the control gate and the channelregion first portion; and a second portion formed under the control gateand over the floating gate.
 9. The device of claim 1, wherein thechannel region first portion extends in a direction directly toward thefloating gate.
 10. The device of claim 1, wherein the first region iselectrically connected with the block of conductive material.
 11. Thedevice of claim 1, further comprising: a layer of insulation materialdisposed between the first region and the block of conductive material,wherein the insulation material electrically insulates the first regionfrom the block of conductive material.
 12. An array of electricallyprogrammable and erasable memory devices comprising: a substrate ofsemiconductor material of a first conductivity type; spaced apartisolation regions formed on the substrate which are substantiallyparallel to one another and extend in a first direction, with an activeregion between each pair of adjacent isolation regions; a plurality oftrenches formed into a surface of the substrate which are substantiallyparallel to one another and extend across the isolation and activeregions in a second direction that is substantially perpendicular to thefirst direction; each of the active regions including a plurality ofmemory cells, each of the memory cells comprising: first and secondspaced-apart regions formed in the substrate having a secondconductivity type, with a channel region formed in the substratetherebetween, wherein the second region is formed underneath one of thetrenches, and wherein the channel region has a first portion extendingsubstantially along a sidewall of the one trench and a second portionextending substantially along the surface of the substrate, a block ofconductive material disposed over the first region, and an electricallyconductive floating gate disposed over and insulated from at least aportion of the channel region, and disposed laterally adjacent to andinsulated from the block of conductive material; and a plurality ofelectrically conductive control gates each extending along one of theactive regions, wherein the control gates each have first portionsdisposed in the trenches.
 13. The array of claim 12, wherein the controlgates each have second portions disposed over and insulated from thefloating gates
 14. The array of claim 12, wherein the floating gates arespacers.
 15. The array of claim 14, wherein the floating gates eachinclude at least one sharp edge that extends toward one of the controlgates.
 16. The array of claim 12, further comprising: a layer ofisolation material extending along each of the isolation regions andfilling portions of the trenches that are in the isolation regions. 17.The array of claim 16, wherein the isolation material layer in each ofthe isolation regions is disposed between a pair of the control gates inadjacent active regions.
 18. The array of claim 12, wherein for each ofthe memory cells, the floating gate is disposed substantially over theentire second portion of the channel region.
 19. The array of claim 12,wherein for each of the memory cells, the floating gate is insulatedfrom the control gate by an insulation layer having a thicknesspermitting Fowler-Nordheim tunneling of charges therethrough.
 20. Thearray of claim 13, wherein each of the memory cells further comprises alayer of insulating material formed along sidewalls of the trench andextending between the control gate and the floating gate.
 21. The arrayof claim 20, wherein the layer of insulating material for each memorycell includes: a first portion formed along sidewalls of the trench andbetween the control gate and the channel region first portion; and asecond portion formed under the control gate and over the floating gate.22. The array of claim 12, further comprising a plurality of conductivecontacts each electrically connected to one of the first regions. 23.The array of claim 12, further comprising a plurality of conductivecontacts each electrically connected to one of the second regions. 24.The array of claim 12, wherein each of the channel region first portionsextend in a direction directly toward one of the floating gates.
 25. Thearray of claim 12, wherein the memory cells are formed as pairs ofmemory cells, and wherein each of the memory cell pairs share a singlesecond region therebetween.
 26. The array of claim 12, wherein thememory cells are formed as pairs of memory cells, and wherein each ofthe memory cell pairs share a single first region therebetween.
 27. Thearray of claim 12, wherein for each of the memory cells, the firstregion is electrically connected with the block of conductive material.28. The array of claim 12, wherein each of the memory cells furthercomprises: a layer of insulation material disposed between the firstregion and the block of conductive material, wherein the insulationmaterial electrically insulates the first region from the block ofconductive material.
 29. The array of claim 12 wherein the secondregions are integrally formed together in one of a plurality ofconductive lines buried in the substrate, and wherein each of theconductive lines extends in the second direction and includes a raisedportion that extends up to the substrate surface.
 30. A method offorming a semiconductor memory cell, comprising the steps of: forming afirst region in a semiconductor substrate, wherein the substrate has afirst conductivity type and the first region has a second conductivitytype; forming a trench into a surface of the semiconductor substrate,wherein the trench is spaced apart from the first region; forming asecond region in the substrate and underneath the trench, wherein thesecond region has the second conductivity type and a channel region inthe substrate is defined between the first and second regions, thechannel region includes a first portion that extends substantially alonga sidewall of the trench and a second portion that extends substantiallyalong the substrate surface; forming a block of conductive materialdisposed over the first region; forming a floating gate of electricallyconductive material disposed over and insulated from at least a portionof the channel region, and disposed laterally adjacent to and insulatedfrom the block of conductive material; and forming a control gate ofelectrically conductive material having a first portion disposed in thetrench.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein the control gate has asecond portion disposed over and insulated from the floating gate. 32.The method of claim 30, wherein the floating gate is a spacer, and theformation of the floating gate includes the steps of: depositing a layerof the conductive material; etching away the layer of conductivematerial except for the spacer of the conductive material.
 33. Themethod of claim 32, wherein the floating gate includes at least onesharp edge that extends toward the control gate.
 34. The method of claim30, wherein the floating gate is disposed substantially over the entiresecond portion of the channel region.
 35. The method of claim 30,further comprising the step of: forming a layer of insulation materialbetween the floating gate and the control gate that has a thicknesspermitting Fowler-Nordheim tunneling of charges therethrough.
 36. Themethod of claim 31, further comprising the step of: forming a layer ofinsulating material that extends along sidewalls of the trench andbetween the control gate and the floating gate.
 37. The method of claim36, wherein the formation of the layer of insulating material includesthe steps of: forming a first portion of the layer of insulatingmaterial along sidewalls of the trench and between the control gatefirst portion and the channel region first portion; and forming a secondportion of the layer of insulating material under the control gatesecond portion and over the floating gate.
 38. The method of claim 30,wherein channel region first portion extends in a direction directlytoward the floating gate.
 39. The method of claim 30, wherein the firstregion is electrically connected with the block of conductive material.40. The method of claim 30, further including the step of: forming alayer of insulation material between the first region and the block ofconductive material, wherein the insulation material electricallyinsulates the first region from the block of conductive material.
 41. Amethod of forming an array of semiconductor memory cells, comprising thesteps of: forming a plurality of first regions in a semiconductorsubstrate that are substantially parallel to one another and extend in afirst direction, wherein the substrate has a first conductivity type andthe first regions have a second conductivity type; forming a pluralityof trenches into a surface of the semiconductor substrate, wherein thetrenches are spaced apart from and extend substantially parallel to thefirst regions; forming a plurality of second regions in the substratehaving the second conductivity type and are substantially parallel toone another, each of the second regions extends in the first directionand is formed underneath one of the trenches, wherein a plurality ofchannel regions in the substrate are defined each having a first portionextending substantially along a sidewall of one of the trenches and asecond portion that extends substantially along the substrate surfacebetween the one trench and one of the first regions; forming a pluralityof blocks of conductive material that are substantially parallel to oneanother and extend in the first direction, wherein each of theconductive blocks is disposed over one of the first regions; forming aplurality of floating gates of electrically conductive material eachdisposed over and insulated from at least a portion of one of thechannel regions, and disposed laterally adjacent to and insulated fromone of the blocks of conductive material; and forming a plurality ofcontrol gates of electrically conductive material each having a firstportion disposed in one of the trenches, and a second portion disposedover and insulated from one of the floating gates.
 42. The method ofclaim 41, further comprising the steps of: forming spaced apartisolation regions on the semiconductor substrate which are substantiallyparallel to one another and extend in a second direction substantiallyorthogonal to the first direction, with an active region between eachpair of adjacent isolation regions; and forming insulating material inportions of the trenches that are in the isolation regions.
 43. Themethod of claim 41, wherein for each of the active regions, the controlgate second portions are integrally connected together and extend in asecond direction substantially orthogonal to the first direction. 44.The method of claim 43, wherein for each of the active regions, thecontrol gate second portions therein are electrically connectedtogether.
 45. The method of claim 43, wherein the floating gate is aspacer, and the formation of the floating gate includes the steps of:depositing a layer of the conductive material; etching away the layer ofconductive material except for the spacer of the conductive material.46. The method of claim 45, wherein each of the floating gates includesat least one sharp edge that extends toward one of the control gates.47. The method of claim 41, wherein each of the floating gates isdisposed substantially over the entire second portion of one of thechannel regions.
 48. The method of claim 41, further comprising the stepof: forming a layer of insulation material between each of the floatinggates and one of the control gates having a thickness permittingFowler-Nordheim tunneling of charges therethrough.
 49. The method ofclaim 43, further comprising the step of: forming insulating materialthat extends along sidewalls of the trenches and between the controlgates and the floating gates.
 50. The method of claim 49, wherein theformation of the insulating material includes the steps of: formingfirst portions of the insulating material along sidewalls of thetrenches and between the control gate first portions and the channelregion first portions; and forming second portions of the insulatingmaterial under the control gate second portions and over the floatinggates.
 51. The method of claim 41, wherein each of the channel regionfirst portions extends in a direction directly toward one of thefloating gates.
 52. The method of claim 41, wherein each of the firstregions are electrically connected with one of the blocks of conductivematerial.
 53. The method of claim 41, further including the step of:forming a layer of insulation material between each of the first regionsand one of blocks of conductive material, wherein the insulationmaterial electrically insulates the first regions from the blocks ofconductive material.
 54. An electrically programmable and erasablememory device comprising: a substrate of semiconductor material of afirst conductivity type; first and second spaced-apart regions formed inthe substrate and having a second conductivity type, with a non-linearchannel region therebetween; a block of conductive material disposedover the first region; and a floating gate disposed over and insulatedfrom a surface of the substrate, and disposed laterally adjacent to andinsulated from the block of conductive material; wherein the channelregion defines a path for programming the floating gate with electronsfrom the second region.
 55. The device of claim 54, wherein at least aportion of the non-linearity of the channel region is defined within aplane that is substantially perpendicular to the substrate surface. 56.The device of claim 55, wherein the channel region has a first portionthat extends in a direction from the second region directly toward thefloating gate.
 57. The device of claim 56, wherein the direction issubstantially perpendicular to the substrate surface.
 58. The device ofclaim 56, wherein the channel region has a second portion that extendsin a direction from the channel region first portion to the firstregion.
 59. The device of claim 55, wherein the floating gate is aspacer.
 60. The device of claim 54, wherein the block of conductivematerial is electrically connected to the first region.
 61. Anelectrically programmable and erasable memory device comprising: asubstrate of semiconductor material of a first conductivity type; anelectrically conductive control gate having a first portion formed inthe substrate; first and second spaced-apart regions formed in thesubstrate and having a second conductivity type, with a non-linearchannel region therebetween, wherein the second region is formedunderneath and is insulated from the control gate first portion, and thechannel region includes a first portion that extends substantially alongthe control gate first portion and a second portion that extendssubstantially along a surface of the substrate; a block of conductivematerial disposed over the first region; and an electrically conductivefloating gate disposed over and insulated from at least a portion of thechannel region, and disposed laterally adjacent to and insulated fromthe block of conductive material.
 62. The device of claim 61, whereinthe control gate has a second portion disposed over and insulated fromthe floating gate.
 63. The device of claim 61, wherein the floating gateis disposed over the entire second portion of the channel region. 64.The device of claim 63, wherein channel region first portion extends ina direction directly toward the floating gate.
 65. The device of claim61, wherein the block of conductive material is electrically connectedto the first region.
 66. An array of electrically programmable anderasable memory devices comprising: a substrate of semiconductormaterial of a first conductivity type and having a surface; spaced apartisolation regions formed on the substrate which are substantiallyparallel to one another and extend in a first direction, with an activeregion between each pair of adjacent isolation regions; each of theactive regions including a plurality of memory cells, wherein each ofthe memory cells includes an electrically conductive floating gatedisposed over and insulated from the substrate surface; a plurality offirst regions formed in the substrate and having a second conductivitytype, each of the first regions extends across the active regions andisolation regions in a second direction perpendicular to the firstdirection; a plurality of second regions formed in the substrate andhaving the second conductivity type, each of the second regions extendsacross the active regions and the isolation regions in the seconddirection and is disposed between a pair of the first regions, whereinthe second regions are buried underneath the substrate surface; aplurality of blocks of conductive material that are substantiallyparallel to one another and extend across the active regions andisolation regions in the second direction, wherein each of the blocks ofconductive material is disposed over one of the first regions andincludes portions that are disposed laterally adjacent to and insulatedfrom the floating gates; and a plurality of electrically conductivecontrol gates each extending along one of the active regions in thefirst direction.
 67. The array of claim 66, wherein each of the controlgates includes a plurality of first portions that are each disposed inthe substrate and over one of the second regions.
 68. The array of claim67, wherein for each of the active regions, the control gate therein hasa second portion that is disposed over and insulated from the floatinggates.
 69. The array of claim 66, further comprising: a plurality ofchannel regions in the substrate each extending between one of the firstregions and one of the second regions.
 70. The array of claim 69,wherein each of the channel regions has a first portion extending fromone of the second regions toward the substrate surface, and a secondportion extending substantially along the substrate surface.
 71. Thearray of claim 66 wherein the second regions are integrally formedtogether in one of a plurality of conductive lines buried in thesubstrate, and wherein each of the conductive lines extends in thesecond direction and includes a raised portion that extends up to thesubstrate surface.
 72. An array of electrically programmable anderasable memory devices comprising: a substrate of semiconductormaterial of a first conductivity type; spaced apart isolation regionsformed on the substrate which are substantially parallel to one anotherand extend in a first direction, with an active region between each pairof adjacent isolation regions; a plurality of spaced apart first andsecond regions formed in the semiconductor substrate having a secondconductivity type and extending across the active and isolation regionsin a second direction substantially perpendicular to the firstdirection, wherein the first and second regions have a secondconductivity type and define a plurality of channel regions formed inthe substrate therebetween; a plurality of blocks of conductive materialthat are substantially parallel to one another and extend in the seconddirection, wherein each of the conductive blocks is disposed over andelectrically connected to one of the first regions; a plurality offloating gates of electrically conductive material each disposed overand insulated from at least a portion of one of the channel regions, anddisposed laterally adjacent to and insulated from one of the blocks ofconductive material; and a plurality of control gates of electricallyconductive material extending in the first direction and having portionsthat are each disposed over and insulated from one of the floatinggates.
 73. The array of claim 72, wherein the floating gates arespacers.
 74. The array of claim 73, wherein the floating gates eachinclude at least one sharp edge that extends toward one of the controlgates.
 75. The array of claim 74, wherein for each of the memory cells,the floating gate is insulated from the control gate by an insulationlayer having a thickness permitting Fowler-Nordheim tunneling of chargestherethrough.